What was Mercantilism

What was Mercantilism Revisiting an old high school history lesson on an archaic economic policy is boring. I get that I do.“Why do we need to care about mercantilism, which isn’t even a ‘thing’ anymore?”.While I fully sympathize with the sentiment, here’s the sad answer: because mercantilism hasn’t died.Yes, economists have scoffed at the idea of mercantilism and called it an economic artifact but the truth is, the ideology is far from being extinct. Its ghost lives on.In a recent article by the Washington Post, Trump has been accused of being “stuck in the 1680’s”, as he is still effecting the so-called ancient relic into practice, with his trade policies resembling those of mercantilism.Rebranded and repackaged, neomercantilism is a dangerously active idea of the 20th century which contains the same ingredients of its patron ‘classic mercantilism.As written by columnist Dani Rodrik, “Mercantilism remains alive and well”. And that is why knowing about this theory is so fundame ntally important.You can’t exorcise a ghost you know nothing about.So, open your notebooks and let’s get started.CHAPTER 1: WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM?Mercantilism was a national economic policy that refers to the act of maximizing net exports and limiting imports through means of tariffs.The driving force behind this approach was the idea that the world holds within it a finite amount of wealth and that to be a financially prosperous country, the best way is to accumulate the largest share of worldly wealth.It was a “zero-sum” view of the world, which meant that in any transaction, one party would gain and the other would lose.And that countries had to make financial progress at the expense of other nations. Source: gktoday.inMercantilism advocated for the theory that two components could carry a country to prosperity: few imports and more exports, otherwise known as   “favorable trade balances”.This was set in the belief that doing so would create a net inflow of foreign income and increase the value of the country’s wealth.Mercantilism policies were designed to achieve a current account surplus by controlling the transfer of materials at the borders. At the heart of mercantilism, lay the concept of “bullionism”, the idea that a country’s prosperity could only be measured in the amount of gold that it had. Precious metals were considered as vital organs of a country’s wealth.Bullionism thus created a powerful sentiment: if a country did not have access to mines then these metals should be obtained via trade.To augment the international power that a state held, mercantile policies were enacted to stabilize the influence of a state, at the cost of the rival powers.The logic of this idea can be simply explained by a domino effect: Countries need strong militaries for protection and expansion; these forces need to be sustained via wealth; gold=wealth; to get gold, you need a surplus in trade; you need to export goods and get gold from other countries.Although the official term that referred to this policy was coined much later by Adam Smith, the ideology dominated the countries of Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.It prevailed not only in England, Germany, and Italy but also in Russia, Scotland, and Spain.This policy required the support of larger countries as it could only sustain in environments where there was a supply of raw materials, labor and a market for exports.Countries like Britain, created policies to protect traders and the mercantile system provided protections for merchants and producers.In Britain, for instance, the British used their colonies as the suppliers of raw materials.These materials were then processed into goods by the B ritish industries and exported back to the colonial market.The British created restrictive colonial policies that placed limitations on what countries these colonies could trade with, what goods they could produce and also introduced tax duties.They essentially controlled the economies of the colonies and left the colonists with only one option: buy the goods manufactured by the British.It was an exploitative system that fed on the backs of the colonies that these powerful countries possessed. Source: worldhistoryleverett.wordpress.comMercantilism is a concept that opposes the modern theory of free trade entirely.Free trade advocates that economic conditions are improved through lesser tariffs. Mercantilism, on the other hand, promotes higher tariffs and barriers to entry.As every country was trying to hold the higher trader surplus, countries rarely respected trade diplomacy and did not stick to trade agreements, placing their tariffs of choice, at will.It was used as a funding system of military, national and corporate growth.This system thus heightened tensions between states and created an impetus for warfare.CHAPTER 2: THE HISTORY OF MERCANTILISMWe’ve already settled that we don’t like history lessons.That’s understandable.But before you yawn from excessive boredom, allow me to provide you with a counteroffer. Do we like traveling? Europe? Time Machines?If you answered yes to all the three questions then swipe right to this subsection because we’re going to ta ke a short trip through Europe, in the past. Sounds exciting? It is.Because heres an idea that shouldnt come as a surprise: practice differs from theory.Its a completely different playing field to look at things from a theoretical viewpoint and to see them in play, in their active state.That is why, before we delve into the actual policies that are effected when mercantilism is implemented, it is important to take a step back, step into our time machines and see how mercantilism played its role in history.So buckle up kids, let’s take a small visit to the past. We’ve got a couple of beautiful destinations on our itinerary.Destination 1: FranceIf you look to your left, you’ll see the birth of mercantilism in France in the 16th century. France has offered more to History than its Eifel tower.However, the origin of mercantilism has been one of its less favorable gifts to the world.Our first visit is to French named Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance.Although mercantil ism started in 1539 as a decree that banned the imports of Spanish goods and restrictions on the export of bullion, it reached its peak under Jean-Baptiste Colbert.His role in the history of mercantilism was so influential that French mercantilism is also known as Colbertism. Colbert supported the economic trade system that would raise the wealth of France through a favorable trade balance. His focus was deployed on implementing domestic policies that would yield positive economic results.So, if you look at Colbert, you’ll observe him doing the following:Implementing perfectionist policies that limit imports and increase exportsEnacting state regulation of production with detailed outlines on how goods should be producedImporting foreign craftsmen and artisans to boost the manufacturing industryReducing internal tariffs and increasing external barriers of trade Source: slideplayer.comThrough these methods, Colbert was able to significantly improve the economic health of France, leading the country to become a powerful European entity.Till free-market economics took the stronghold of the world, Colberts ideas remained highly popular. Destination 2: England A country of beautiful architecture and attractive kingdoms, Britain also possesses many skeletons in its historical closet. One of which is that of mercantilism.British mercantilism rose in the 17th century, with the country employing policies that regulated international trade to heighten exports and discourage the number of imports.Governed by common law and parliamentary power, you’ll notice that England refrained from placing control over the internal domestic economy.Instead, the government made pacts of mutual interest with merchants to increase private wealth and political power.This was done by regulations, subsidies to domestic industries and trade barriers to raise exports and limit imports to the region, thereby raising the influx of precious materials such as gold into the state.The government placed tariffs on imports and gave bounties for exports, to the extent that they even banned the export of certain raw materials completely.An example of this was the enaction of the Navigation Acts.These removed foreign merchants from the trading arena. Instead, through these methods, the British ended up controlling the economies of the colonies forcing them to provide raw materials and trade only with the British Kingdom.Queen Elizabeth promoted the development of naval fleets to shake down the stronghold of Spanish trade, to increase the inflow of gold within the state.There was also focus placed on the expansion of the slave trade with the colonies.The colonies were expected to provide materials such as cotton and rum.In turn, slaves were traded in America and the West Indies for sugar and molasses. Source: s3.amazonaws.com Source: s3.amazonaws.comThe British government, also insisted on trade to be conducted in forms of bullion (silver and gold), so that they may attain a positive trade balance.This left the colonies in negative bullion balances, forcing them to rely on paper currency instead, thereby creating a period of inflation and taxes within these states.CHAPTER 3: MERCANTILIST POLICIESAlexander Gray said, “Mercantilism had three hundred years to run and so it colored the thoughts and actions of every country in Europe”.With three centuries and an entire continent under its belt, it’s nearly impossible to visit every country and see every form of mercantilism in its active state.Although we’ve seen the examples of France and England, let us take a more holistic approach and try to encapsulate mercantilism as a whole, and not in its isolated implementations.The primary principle of mercantilism is to measure the wealth of a country in terms of precious materials, known as Bullion.The econ omic focus is not placed in favor of productivity but rather in the quantity of physical wealth that it has accumulated.In the 16th and 17th century, there was grave importance given to the gold reserves of a country as that was the measure of the prosperity of a country.Furthermore, it was favored that there be a positive balance of trade.This was accomplished by two methods. Firstly, the domestic industry was encouraged and protected. Subsidies were also granted to export industries so they may be able to have a competitive advantage in the global markets.The governments also deployed focus and research into the productivity of domestic industries. Secondly, exports were maximized at the cost of other nations and imports were minimized.The efforts to raise the export-to-import ratio were done by using tariffs. Tariffs were raised and non-tariff barriers were erected on imports. In addition, international natural resources were exploited by the spread of colonies to extract wealth by forcing the colonies to serve raw materials to the parent countries.Overseas colonies were created to be the sole market for the goods the empire country produced.By controlling the economies of the colonies, the empire country benefitted from the wealth and resources of the colonies. Source: msrubinohistory.comAs the idea of mercantilism was placed by the motivation that wealth was finite, efforts were made to minimize the wealth of other nations.At the cost of rival countries, mercantilism created the notion that for one country to have more money, the others must have less.To prevent other nations from increasing their wealth, the powerful European countries struggled amongst themselves to create exclusive trading relationships with weaker states so that no one else could attain their resources.Furthermore, foreign shipping was blocked and trade vessels were regulated so that the rival nations could not have a share in the world.Foreign colonies of other countries were also attacked to capture them so that more territories could be controlled and the market of trade could be expanded.Mercantilism favored countries with a large labor force so that more finished goods could be produced for exports.It was defined that finished products had higher values than other materials, hence, efforts were made to reduce the need for the imports of any product other than raw materials.CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACT OF MERCANTILISMMercantilism was an economic idea that was centered on greed and self-interest.To gain more gold, countries which used this ideology, were motivated by a sense of selfishness, to make themselves more economically stable.When an entire continent is using such draconian policies, there are dire social and economic implications that affect the world.To gain more wealth, these nations used exploitative measures to take advantage of weaker states and fostered tense international relations as they remained suspicious of other countries, who were trying to achieve the same economic results.Hence, spanned over multiple centuries, mercantilism resulted in grave social and economic crimes, that had an impact on the economies and people of the world.Let us take a closer look at some of these atrocities: Source: mrsthompsonhistory.weebly.comCrime 1: Control of Production and Trade As we’ve discussed earlier, mercantilist policies were designed to take advantage of the colonial states.This resulted in social transgressions and was a direct threat to the well-being of the populace of these colonial states.The policy promoted the placement of trade restrictions and productions which resulted in the weakening of the growth and freedom of the businesses that fostered in the colonial world.For instance, the Navigation and Trade Acts of the 16th century forced American colonies to be solely independent of manufactured goods that were produced by the British.The colonies could only export raw materials, and the market of supply was limited to the British Empire.Goods such as sugar, cotton, iron, and tobacco were only allowed to be sold to Britain which limited the trade market for these colonies.Furthermore, they were not allowed to produce finished goods of their own which meant a complet e reliance on the manufacturing industry of England for finished products.These goods have come at inflated prices that robbed these colonies of their financial well-being, making them dependent on exuberantly priced goods that they had to pay hefty amounts of gold and silver for.Furthermore, since these empires wanted to accumulate wealth solely in the form of precious materials, the colonies did not have enough gold reserves to use in their markets.This caused these colonies to start producing paper currency instead, which rose the rates of inflations and taxes, creating discontent amongst the colonial masses.Crime 2: Slave Trade Between the British Empire, its colonies and the foreign markets, the trade relations fostered another dangerous result: the slave trade.In the 17th century, trading ships of manufactured goods were taken from Europe to the west coast of Africa.These trade ships were then filled with “young and healthy” individuals and were taken to the Americas or th e Caribbean where they were sold into slavery.The conditions with which these people were treated were no less than atrocious and inhumane, with people kept in such poor conditions in these ships that most would die in the journey. On the final leg of this triangular route, the ships then carried tobacco, rum and other expensive back to Europe.The colonies were demanded by African imperialists to provide rum, cotton and other raw materials.In turn, slaves were given to America and the West Indies in exchange for sugar and molasses.   Mercantilism promoted the slave trade because it created the sentiment that the slave trade was necessary for the rise in economic conditions.Slaves were treated as property, itemized in itineraries and listed across other transferable goods such as tobacco.Crime 3: Warfare As mercantilism fostered the feeling of being suspicious of ones neighbor, foreign relations weakened and international tensions heightened.Since wealth needed to be taken from other s, mercantilism resulted in the eruption of many wars, as nations struggled to attain the economic monopiles that rival nations had. The Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch wars were fueled solely by the purpose of mercantilism so that countries damage the economies of other nations.The first Anglo-Dutch War followed the institution of the 1651 Navigation Act, a direct response to an exploitative mercantilist policy.The Franco-Dutch resulted from the commercial rivalry between the European nations and the war resulted in 120,000 deaths and 100,000 casualties- all motivated by the greed of money.The American revolution itself is rooted in the social discontent that was caused by Mercantilism. Mercantilism also became the driving force behind the need of imperialism, to acquire colonies that could provide resources such as gold (Mexico) or sugar (West Indies).This resulted in the spread of European Powers and the control of regions by monopolistic trading companies such as the East India Company.CHAPTER 4: CRITICISMWhile the practical atrocities that came as a consequence of mercantilism is a deterrent enough, the reason that this policy has been turned into a historic relic is also because of the incorrect logical foundations that it has been based on.The economic policy has received serious criticisms over the years, which lead to it’s eventual ‘demise’.The following include some of the major incoherencies in the thought of mercantilism, by Adam Smith and David Hume, founders of the anti-mercantilist agenda.1. Zero-Sum Game:Mercantilism is based on the understanding that one countrys loss is another countries gain.Smith argued that trade should be a mutually beneficial feature and a positive-sum game, where each country gains wealth and benefits from the act of trading. This essentially formed the basis of the free trade model.2. Excessive Importance of Precious Materials:As wealth was measured in forms of gold and silver, the mercantile system has bee n criticized on this aspect.It was refuted that “money” itself was not given the importance that it deserved and instead untenable attention was granted to gold as the primary source of wealth.The mercantilists failed to appreciate the value of exchange as capital.3. One-Way Trade:Mercantilist states placed extensive importance on a favorable balance of trade.However, the notion of all nations being exporters and not importers was illogical and far from infallible.Critics argued that compared to trade balances, it is more important for a country to develop it’s own resources while accepting that it cannot be completely self-sufficient.4. Colonies Did Not Exist to Serve the Empire:The approach was taken by the imperial countries that promoted the exploitation of colonies was inhumane and national wreckage.It was an unsound economic proposition and resulted in economic distress, warfare, and social tension.5. Unequal Distribution of Wealth:Mercantilist policies were designed for advocating state regulation of commerce.This state intervention was criticized as it only benefited the government and the commercial class and did not care for the interests of the entire populace.Smith and Hume argued that commerce should be free and without any restrictions as they believed that people could protect their economic interests better than the state.To assume a conflict of interest between the government and the people of the state was naïve and based on logical fallacies. CHAPTER 5: MODERN DAY MERCANTILISMIt would be convenient to believe that Mercantilism has died and that this ancient policy could have no relevance to the present.However, despite the many illogical grounds that it has been constructed on, in the current century, we can still see the ghost of this theory making its hauntings in the world. Perhaps not as static as it existed in the 16th century, but still with the same purpose and values.Let us consider China for a moment.In the mid-2000s, Chinas economic policy was built around the encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country and to be a low-cost manufacturing arena for multinational corporations.However, by 2006, China took a step back and tried to create a China Inc. model instead which was designed to help Chinese firms, even at the expense of foreign investments.This model was designed to allow China to produce higher-value goods within its state and by enacting policies that discouraged foreign competition. Sounds familiar to something that the British did the in the 1700s? Because it is.China has been severely criticized for using mercantilist economic policies such as that of “forced localization” that requires domestic production as a mandate for market entry.China has also indulged in standards and currency manipulation, granted subsidies for state-owned industries and erected unfavorable procurement policies.However, China does not stand alone in its favor towards mercantilist polices. Donal d Trump of the United States has also been accused of using such strategies through his economic policies.The Trump government have created placed trade tariffs on American allies, fostered the notion that free trade deals are not beneficial and that trade surpluses are all signs of economic prosperity.While the republican government cloaks these actions under the needs of national security and other pretenses the fact of the matter remains the same.The United States is employing an economic policy that went out of business in the 18th century.The consequences of these actions by the superpowers are dire and will lead to increased rates, higher unemployment and create a strong move away from free trade, hurting the economies of other countries as well.CONCLUSIONAs economist Steve Hank stated,“Mercantilism was an insidious economic theory that held Europe in its thrall in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries”.A financial policy that carried immense weight for over 3 centuries and t hat resulted in terrible results, is making a brutal comeback.Carried by the support of the most powerful countries of the world, there is an alarm in what ways this economic ghost is preparing to haunt us.

Native Americans And Western Culture - 2900 Words

Native Americans have an intimate relationship with the Earth that is very unusual to western culture. For centuries before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans lived off the land in North America, without claiming ownership or creating massive environmental destruction. They have both a deep love and fear for the power of nature, and try to live as one with the environment. Because of this common value among tribes, Native Americans are often stereotyped as being the first environmentalists, which is not entirely true. Native Americans do value and treasure the environment, but not always in the way western environmentalists imagen. Modern environmentalists grew up in a different culture, one that embraces development and progress†¦show more content†¦Positives between Environmentalists and Native Americans There is good reason why environmentalists so often associate themselves with Native Americans. Indigenous culture has a deep reverence for the environment that is not prevalent in western culture. Using nature for hunting, gathering, and planting required religious procedures and ceremonies in order for Native Americans to receive permission to use resources (Cornell, 1985). Because of this cautious respect, environmentalists and Native Americans often agree with each other on environmental issues, including fracking, mining, and land exploitation. Modern native american activists more frequently are from western tribes, including Crow, Lakota, and Cheyenne, because they were in contact with European capitalist culture later than eastern tribes, so they have held on to their old traditions (Cornell, 1985). Environmentalists and Native Americans also overlap in their concern for â€Å"the people† and future generations. When these two groups are separate, they have weaker political power, but when they join forces they can have a much stronger impact. One survey compared the beliefs of Native American hunters and majority-culture (west ern) hunters, to see if Native Americans truly respect the environment more. The first part of the survey asked multiple Native American hunters and western hunters to rank multiple plant and animal species in importance. Of the 17 Native

How Did The Ottoman Empire Differ From Earlier And The...

story 02/28/2016 Mid-Term How did the Ottoman Empire differ from earlier Islamic empires in the Middle East? The Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman Turkish, was one of the longest in history, having gone through the whole modern era and only come to an end with the end of World War I in 1918. The event that is commonly taken by historians as the inaugurator of the Modern age is the fall of Constantinople, the center of the Byzantine Empire, and was triggered by the Turkish-Ottoman. Also, you certainly heard about the Arabs, the Muslim religion and Islam. Certainly we have also had contact with some of the achievements of the Arabs, as the Arabic numerals, the number zero or even a compass. These contributions of Arab and Islamic peoples to the†¦show more content†¦The ordering of the army was one of the main assets of the Ottoman Empire. There was a formation of elite warriors, called Janissaries (or Yeniceri in Turkish), they became one of the greatest war machines of the period. The control by the Ottomans expanded toward the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Sultan Mome II, or Mehemd (1432-1481), was responsible for the defeat of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, when he claimed for himself the title of caliph, full name of a Muslim political, meaning sovereign over all Muslims. It was the first time a Turkish-Ottoman, not an Arab, received the title of caliph. It was then that Constantinople was renamed Istanbul. The cultural and political legacy of the Ottoman Empire still reflects up today in Arab nations such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia. In the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, there are examples of art and architecture Muslim living with art and Byzantine architecture, product of Christian orthodoxy. The most sumptuous monuments are the Church of St. Sophia and the Blue Mosque. Since then, the Ottoman Empire came to dominate a region that included Anatolia, the Balkans, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and much of Asia Minor. One of the most striking events of the twentieth century was perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire: the genocide of the Armenians, between 1915 and 1917, during the First World

Questions 1-6 Sobel Free Essays

TCP connections which can be blocked by firewalls.. Which command would you give to update all installed packages using yam? Um update but If you are using older versions the yum update might not work you would need to use the yum update command Why would you build a package from a source ode when a (binary) RPM file Is evolvable? = because a source code you can modify the shell and with a binary you cannot also some binary distributions require that you unpack the software from the root directory Suggest two advantages that RPM files have over source distributions? = automatic dependency resolution, faster installation, easier to deploy. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions 1-6 Sobel or any similar topic only for you Order Now When you compile a package yourself rather from an RPM file, which directory hierarchy should you put It In? = /USSR,’local/mend What deer some steps you should take before performing an upgrade on a mission critical server? Perform the upgrade on an identically configured spare system and see what breaks and how to fix It. In particular, look for rampages files and see what configuration information needs to be changed manually, when would you use RPM -I instead of RPM ?u? You would use -l (followed by the name) to leave the old kernel intact when you install a new kernel and the -u (command) followed by the name of the file you would use when you want to upgrade the package and install the new package. And make sure you have everything backed up also as a safety precaution Page 582 chapter 14 questions 1-10 which commands can you use from the command line to send a file to the default printer? Ip filename or you can use Pr filename and either of those commands will print to the default printer or the only printer on the system. What command would you give to cancel all print jobs on the system? You can use either cancel -a or PRM – but you have to be in root in order to have this command work Which commands list your outstanding print Jobs? You can use Pips or you can use Pasta and either one of those will tell you what print jobs are in the queue What is the purpose of sharing a Linux printer using a samba? Sheering d Linux printer using Samba allows Windows and SO/2 clients to send print Jobs to the printer Name three printing protocols that cups supports? Http, PDP/lap,SMB and jittered (socket) protocols and up Is the native protocol which command list the Installed printer drivers available to cups? Pippin -m head How would you send a text file toe printer connected to d first parallel port without using the print queue? Cat tile ; deeper that is a command you can use, the bad thing is that it does not check to see if there Is other files being printed and you could get bunch of garbled output wh ich ends up wasting paper and the other bad thing about It Is that you do not get another command prompt till the printing is finished unless you add an ampersand to the end of the command. What command would you use to add the printer to the TLS USB port Witt the name USB printer Vitamin -p Sprinter -E USB:/deep/USB/loop -P unprinted. PDP How would you define a quota that allows each user to print up to 50 pages per week too printer named Laser? = Vitamin -p laser -o Job page-limit?50 Define a set of access control rules for a let;Location; container inside etc/cups/cusps. Con that would allow anyone to print to all printers as long as they were either on the local machine or in the madwoman. Com domain? = ;Location [printers;gt How to cite Questions 1-6 Sobel, Papers

The P.C Essays - DOS, Booting, Personal Computer,

The P.C kobi fankulo i/6 It's began more than 20 years ago, Apple 2 , the computer of Jobs Wazniac appeared the innovations were surprising . Friendly computer with keyboard and surface that you can put a monitor above , 4K memory and dos that constant from the boot , that fixed in the memory Rom . The most great innovation was channel Bus that every one can built for himself stuck cards , that's how began the I . B . M suitable industry . In 1981 an I . B . M p.c appear P.C - XT c.p.u 8088 and well based dos , disk called p.c - dos that acquired from Microsoft , with possibility to setup 2 drives , green professional monitor , superlative keyboard , possibility of enlargment the memory up to 64K , hard disk and the computer speed 4.77MH ( mega hertz ) . In 1982 came the P.C - AT with 286 cpu , 512KB memory and hard disk of 20MB in the price of 6,000 $ and 16BIT channel that have been opened to suitable copy from I . B . M p.c to Apple 2 the prices went down . In 1986 Compaq company completed her 386 computer development of Intel company and anticipate I . B . M in the new c.p.u adoption . In the presence of the manufacturers stood 2 possibilities to continue after I . B . M in the way of PS / 2 or to continue the independend way that Compac company showed . I . B . M demended for the use rights systems , the licence payment are recoiling . Her politics conected the new meterial to OS / 2 dos . These who didn't understood continued with I . B . M , all the rest continue with I . S . A architecture , until today I. B . M hasn't recover from the astartegy mistakes series that brought her to be the only one p.c manufacture that not manufacated I . B . M suitable . In the begining of the 90 Intel company started to supply the fourth generation with 486 c.p.u and memory of 64MB . In 1993 began the age of the 586 pentum the fifth generation of the Intel c.p.u p.c . In our days the p.c including c.p.u 486 or 586 , hard disk up to 540MB , modem and super vga monitor . P.C - ( Personal Computer ) Rom - ( Read Only Memory ) Ram - ( Read Acess Memory ) Boot - Dos - ( Disk Operation System ) KB - MB - Hard disk - Channel - C.P.U - 586 , 486 , 386 , 286 , 8088XT PS / 2 - ( Personal System ) OS / 2 - ( Operator System ) Architecture - Keyboard - Intel - Appear - I.B.M suitable - ?.?.? Manufacturer - Sound blaster - Modem - Bibliography the great entziclopade of u.s.a

Decreasing the Divide Why Philosophy is Good for America Professor Ramos Blog

Decreasing the Divide Why Philosophy is Good for America It has become more and more apparent during the last election that the United States is governed by whoever has the best comebacks, can play upon emotions the best, and can depict the other side as a horrible force in dire need to be stopped. For Donald Trump, the enemy was the Swamp. For Hillary Clinton, the enemy was the â€Å"deplorables.† The scary truth is not just that there are many factors contributing to the massive schism between Republicans and Democrats, but that we are doing so little to try and change anything about it. As intolerance grows, the solution becomes clear: bring philosophy back, and bring it back on a level America has yet to witness. What does this mean, exactly? How could philosophy help a divided America? When people hear philosophy, many think of some old white dudes all sitting in the Thinker’s position asking a series of unanswerable questions. However, this is not an accurate representation. Philosophy teaches critical thinking on higher level. It teaches logic and how to approach arguments without emotional attachment. Most importantly, it teaches how to ask questions and how, by just asking them, important truths about our world and ideas can be revealed. Today, it is taught that a rhetorical paper includes ethos, pathos, and logos. This makes for a very convincing argument, yes, yet there arises a problem when arguments are constructed entirely on ethos and pathos and are still permitted to be called arguments. This may sound like something mostly high school and college students may be accused of doing but even our politicians are guilty of side-stepping logic. To construct a strong argument in philosophy it must be logical, sound, and valid. This means that pathos and ethos, for the most part, are considered irrelevant. Your argument is entirely reliant on its logical grounding rather than on how it makes others feel. This is exactly what we need in American politics. A freshman who takes her first philosophy class in college will have to learn the different fallacies and how to identify them in daily conversations as well as in poorly structured arguments. This can only be a benefit to her and everyone else. If we are constantly making fallacious arguments that are convincing then we are openly throwing logic out the window for some dangerous supplements. So what does any of this have to do with American polarization? Easy. Philosophy requires each of its contestants in an argument to be unbiased and open-minded. With this in mind, two people can try and understand each other’s arguments and where their â€Å"opponents† are coming from. It becomes less of two people going at it trying to prove each other wrong, like what we have today in American politics, and more of two friends trying to understand each other and make the best decision together. Today, we support people who are very persuasive in their arguments because that have lots of practice as lawyers or, now, businessmen. That would be a good thing seeing as these two professions have much to do with economics and the legal system in America. Yet, this also means that they are very convincing, even if they’re ultimately meaningless. A couple of examples are when Donald Trump coined the names â€Å"Little Marco† for senator Marco Rubio and â€Å"Crooked Hillary† for Hillary Clinton. These are nothing more than ad hominem attacks, meaning that they are attacks with no logical, argumentative substance. Clinton, on the other hand, used a combination of the ad hominem attack and the fallacy of hasty generalization when referring to Trump’s supporters as a â€Å"basket of deplorables.† The hard part with this is that we are already so divided that even now we struggle to truly try and fix this gap because it would require us to set aside what we already believe is correct. In other words, when it comes to being actually open-minded, we’re out of practice. There are multiple reasons and theories for why it is that the Right and the Left are so far apart including race (Olson), religion (Mccann), and just different economic theories. But because the reasons are diverse and are topics that we have deemed off limits for discussion, it becomes harder to overcome whatever lingering problems may be at fault for our arrogance and close-mindedness. For that reason, we should implement philosophy in high school as it was done in Hawaii (Luckey). There, kids can be taught how to use logic and then decide for themselves what to believe and what not to. In philosophy, no topic is off limits and everyone has the right to think for themselves. If logical arguments were taught like English, history, and math are in schools, imagine what kind of adults the public education system would produce. They would be nearly invulnerable to fallacies and would see discussions entirely differently. Who knows, maybe the word â€Å"argument† would no longer mean two people passionately yelling at each other, and instead, mean a series of premises to support a conclusion, as it was always meant to mean (DeCesare). I think that if taught correctly, philosophy can be the key to beginning to fix things in the United States. Afterall, we are supposed to be united but we are again so far apart and unless we have a tool that allows us to once again become empathetic on a massive scale, the divide might continue to deepen and grow. The first step is to bring it into schools, and the second is to witness as kids question authority, and unless the authority has solid reasoning behind why they are in authority (teachers have this covered) then they will be deemed unworthy. Plato onced dreamed of a society in which a Philosopher King ruled. This was because he feared that democracy would leave unworthy and uneducated people in power. But what if every person was, to some degree at least, a philosopher? If everyone could give you perfectly logical reasons for every decision they made and society was governed by purely logical, empathetic individuals? I’m willing to bet it’d be a much, much better place. Therefore, there is no doubt in my mind that philosophy must be taken seriously again and the United States once again be united. Works cited: MCCANN, JAMES A. Who Stands Where. America, vol. 210, no. 7, 03 Mar. 2014, pp. 30-33.EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=94618530site=ehost-live. This is a scholarly article and therefore credible. It talks about political polarization in America and how religious differences play a major role in the division of congress. I chose to use it because it relates to my topic of political polarization in America and how it can be solved by incorporating philosophy into primary education. Fay, Jacob and Meira Levinson. Teaching Democracy in POLARIZING TIMES. Educational Leadership, vol. 75, no. 3, Nov. 2017, pp. 62-67. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=125935939site=ehost-live. I chose to use this article because it focuses on case studies in which students were instructed to converse about controversial political subjects so as to ease the divide between students. This relates to my article directly because it demonstrates that open conversation can be used to solve the political divide. It is a trustworthy scholarly article found on EBSCO. Olson, Joel. Whiteness and the Polarization of American Politics. Political Research Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 4, Dec. 2008, pp. 704-718. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pohAN=35266021site=ehost-live. This article offers racial discrimination as a reason for American divisiveness. It makes some interesting claims and relates to my topic. I don’t think my paper can go without at least recognizing this point of view. It is a trustworthy scholarly article. Lukey, Benjamin. The High School Philosopher in Residence: What Philosophy and Philosophers Can Offer Schools. Educational Perspectives, vol. 44, no. 1, 01 Jan. 2012, pp. 38-42. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ericAN=EJ1005649site=ehost-live. This is directly related to my argument that philosophy should be implemented in schools. The article is about exactly that: bringing philosophy into primary education. It is a scholarly article. DeCesare, Tony. On the Potential Contributions of High School Philosophy to Ethical and Democratic Education. Teaching Ethics, vol. 13, no. 1, Fall 2012, pp. 1-16. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=87635049site=ehost-live. Another scholarly article dedicated to the discussion of philosophy in schools, particularly high school, and its benefits. â€Å"Department of Philosophy.† Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy The University of Utah, philosophy.utah.edu/undergraduate/philosophy-minor.php. Gross, Sam. â€Å"‘It Sort of Makes You Stop and Think, Doesnt It.’

The Future of Trucking While Deaf

The Future of Trucking While Deaf The trucking experts over at CareersInGear.com recently explored the policies and attitudes the hearing trucking world holds towards Deaf or hard of hearing truckers. It’s not as simple as a question of discrimination based on disability- the physical exam all truckers must pass in order to acquire their CDLs involves a â€Å"forced whisper† test and, failing that, an audiometry test, which they can take with or without their hearing aid.This tests  that truckers must be able to:Make a decision based on emergency sounds/sirensHear sounds of improperly operating mechanicsCommunicate with other drivers, lumpers, consigners, customers, or trucking scales operatorsHowever, not all trucking environments require a perfect ability to hear. Accommodations available for current Deaf and hard of hearing drivers include assistive mirrors, enhanced visual turn indicators, and visual signals of horns, sirens, or loud noises that can be adjusted when a driver goes through a constru ction zone or similarly loud environment. Service dogs are also growing in popularity- trained animals can alert drivers to intruders, door bells, knocks, alarms, and phone calls, and signal drivers that other drivers are trying to talk to them.And what often goes unsaid during discussions of Deaf drivers is that all truckers, regardless of their hearing status when they first climbed into their rig, are losing their hearing during their years on the road. Banning Deaf or hard of hearing drivers from behind the wheel entirely means eventually losing entire generations of experienced, capable drivers!In 2013, responding to repeated requests from the National Association for the Deaf, more than 100 hours of interviews with deaf/hearing impaired drivers, and reports that Deaf drivers actually have fewer distractions behind the wheel, the DOT granted hearing waivers to 40 Deaf drivers. In the next year or so, these drivers should be reporting back on their experiences and whether their safety ratings are similar to  those of hearing drivers. The results should be highly informative to up-and-coming drivers with hearing impairment.